Izravna demokracija - Povijest promjena

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2022-04-29T14:38:53Z

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←Starija inačica		Inačica od 29. travanj 2022. u 14:38
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	{{glavni\|Anarhizam}}		{{glavni\|Anarhizam}}

	[[~~File~~:Nuit Debout - Place Commune, 2016.05.14 (2).jpg\|thumb\|Vježbe direktne demokracije, Place de la République, Pariz]]		[[Datoteka:Nuit Debout - Place Commune, 2016.05.14 (2).jpg\|thumb\|Vježbe direktne demokracije, Place de la République, Pariz]]
	[[Anarhizam\|Anarhisti]] podržavaju direktnu demokraciju kao alternativu centraliziranoj državi i kapitalizmu, iako, mnogi ističu probleme koje diže u interesima manjina, čija prava mogu biti stavljena u pitanje pod potpuno direktno-demokratskim sustavom bez ograničenja. Mnogi pobornici tog sustava se zato zalažu za dodatna ustavna prava koja se tim sistemom ne mogu narušiti.		[[Anarhizam\|Anarhisti]] podržavaju direktnu demokraciju kao alternativu centraliziranoj državi i kapitalizmu, iako, mnogi ističu probleme koje diže u interesima manjina, čija prava mogu biti stavljena u pitanje pod potpuno direktno-demokratskim sustavom bez ograničenja. Mnogi pobornici tog sustava se zato zalažu za dodatna ustavna prava koja se tim sistemom ne mogu narušiti.

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2022-01-02T13:33:30Z

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←Starija inačica		Inačica od 2. siječanj 2022. u 13:33
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	U '''predstavničkoj''' demokraciji, ljudi glasaju za predstavnike koji potom dalje provode interese svojih glasačkih skupina u institucijama vlasti.<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|author-last=Budge \|author-first=Ian \|chapter=Direct democracy \|editor=Clarke, Paul A.B. \|editor2=Foweraker, Joe \|title=Encyclopedia of Political Thought \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|year=2001. \|isbn=9780415193962 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srzDCqnZkfUC&pg=PA224}}</ref> U '''izravnoj''' demokraciji, ljudi svoje interese provode bez posrednika.		U '''predstavničkoj''' demokraciji, ljudi glasaju za predstavnike koji potom dalje provode interese svojih glasačkih skupina u institucijama vlasti.<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|author-last=Budge \|author-first=Ian \|chapter=Direct democracy \|editor=Clarke, Paul A.B. \|editor2=Foweraker, Joe \|title=Encyclopedia of Political Thought \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|year=2001. \|isbn=9780415193962 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srzDCqnZkfUC&pg=PA224}}</ref> U '''izravnoj''' demokraciji, ljudi svoje interese provode bez posrednika.

	'''Poluizravne demokracije''' u kojoj predstavnici upravljaju općim organima vlasti, ali građani i dalje čine rukovodni entitet, dopuštaju tri forme narodne akcije: [[referendum]] (plebiscit), [[inicijativa]] i [[opoziv]]. Prve dvije forme - referendum i inicijativa - su primjeri direktnog zakonodavstva.<ref name=":0">{{~~Cite book~~\|title = Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation (Theories of Institutional Design)\|last = Smith\|first = Graham\|publisher = Cambridge University Press\|year = 2009.\|isbn = \|location = Cambridge\|pages = 112}}</ref>		'''Poluizravne demokracije''' u kojoj predstavnici upravljaju općim organima vlasti, ali građani i dalje čine rukovodni entitet, dopuštaju tri forme narodne akcije: [[referendum]] (plebiscit), [[inicijativa]] i [[opoziv]]. Prve dvije forme - referendum i inicijativa - su primjeri direktnog zakonodavstva.<ref name=":0">{{Citiranje knjige\|title = Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation (Theories of Institutional Design)\|last = Smith\|first = Graham\|publisher = Cambridge University Press\|year = 2009.\|isbn = \|location = Cambridge\|pages = 112}}</ref>

	Referendum veže zakonodavstvo političke elite na narodni glas. Ovo je također i najčešća vrsta direktnog zakonodavstva. Narodni referendum daje građanima priliku osnivanja peticije koja može dovesti u pitanje već doneseni zakon, i to u pitanje građana. Institucije određuju vremenski period glasanja i potreban broj potpisa, a mogu tražiti i određen broj manjinskih zajednica kako bi zaštitile manjinske interese.<ref name=":0" /> Ova vrsta direktne demokracije daje glasačkoj skupini, narodu, pravo na [[veto]] vezano uz legislaciju zadanu izabranim predstavnicima. Ovo je česta praksa u [[Švicarska\|Švicarskoj]].		Referendum veže zakonodavstvo političke elite na narodni glas. Ovo je također i najčešća vrsta direktnog zakonodavstva. Narodni referendum daje građanima priliku osnivanja peticije koja može dovesti u pitanje već doneseni zakon, i to u pitanje građana. Institucije određuju vremenski period glasanja i potreban broj potpisa, a mogu tražiti i određen broj manjinskih zajednica kako bi zaštitile manjinske interese.<ref name=":0" /> Ova vrsta direktne demokracije daje glasačkoj skupini, narodu, pravo na [[veto]] vezano uz legislaciju zadanu izabranim predstavnicima. Ovo je česta praksa u [[Švicarska\|Švicarskoj]].
Redak 106:		Redak 106:
	* {{Citation \|last=Hirschbühl \|first=Tina \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp48yJT4Cy4 \|title=How People in Switzerland Vote – Report 4 \|publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland \|date=2011d \|via=YouTube}}		* {{Citation \|last=Hirschbühl \|first=Tina \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp48yJT4Cy4 \|title=How People in Switzerland Vote – Report 4 \|publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland \|date=2011d \|via=YouTube}}
	* {{Citation \|last=Hirschbühl \|first=Tina \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp66RSP8gAQ \|title=Switzerland & the EU: The Bilateral Agreements – Report 5 \|publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland \|date=2011e \|via=YouTube}}		* {{Citation \|last=Hirschbühl \|first=Tina \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp66RSP8gAQ \|title=Switzerland & the EU: The Bilateral Agreements – Report 5 \|publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland \|date=2011e \|via=YouTube}}
	* {{~~Cite book~~ \|last=Kobach \|first=Kris W. \|year=1993 \|title=The Referendum: Direct Democracy In Switzerland \|publisher=Dartmouth Publishing Company \|isbn=9781855213975 \|ref=CITEREFKobach1993}}		* {{Citiranje knjige \|last=Kobach \|first=Kris W. \|year=1993 \|title=The Referendum: Direct Democracy In Switzerland \|publisher=Dartmouth Publishing Company \|isbn=9781855213975 \|ref=CITEREFKobach1993}}
	* {{Citiranje knjige \|author1-last=Raaflaub \|author1-first=Kurt A. \|author-link1=Kurt Raaflaub \|author2-last=Ober \|author2-first=Josiah \|author3-last=Wallace \|author3-first=Robert W. \|year=2007 \|title=Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece \|location=Berkeley \|publisher=University of California Press \|isbn=9780520932173 \|ref=CITEREFRaaflaubOberWallace2007}}		* {{Citiranje knjige \|author1-last=Raaflaub \|author1-first=Kurt A. \|author-link1=Kurt Raaflaub \|author2-last=Ober \|author2-first=Josiah \|author3-last=Wallace \|author3-first=Robert W. \|year=2007 \|title=Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece \|location=Berkeley \|publisher=University of California Press \|isbn=9780520932173 \|ref=CITEREFRaaflaubOberWallace2007}}
	* Razsa, Maple. (2015) ''Bastards of Utopia: Living Radical Politics After Socialism''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.		* Razsa, Maple. (2015) ''Bastards of Utopia: Living Radical Politics After Socialism''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

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2021-11-18T11:42:11Z

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←Starija inačica		Inačica od 18. studeni 2021. u 11:42
Redak 29:		Redak 29:
	Čista izravna demokracija postoji samo u [[Švicarski kantoni\|švicarskim kantonima]] [[Appenzell Innerrhoden\|Appenzellu Innerrhodenu]] i [[Glarus]]u.<ref name=Golay/> Švicarska konfederacija je poluizravna demokracija (predstavnička demokracija sa izrazitim elementima izravne demokracije).<ref name=Golay/> Korištenje direktne demokracije u Švicarskoj potiće federativan sastav države.		Čista izravna demokracija postoji samo u [[Švicarski kantoni\|švicarskim kantonima]] [[Appenzell Innerrhoden\|Appenzellu Innerrhodenu]] i [[Glarus]]u.<ref name=Golay/> Švicarska konfederacija je poluizravna demokracija (predstavnička demokracija sa izrazitim elementima izravne demokracije).<ref name=Golay/> Korištenje direktne demokracije u Švicarskoj potiće federativan sastav države.

	Većina zapadnih zemalja ima predstavničku demokraciju.<ref name=Golay>Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix, ''Swiss political institutions'', Éditions loisirs et pédagogie, 2008. ({{ISBN\|978-2-606-01295-3}}).</ref> [[Švicarska]] je rijetki primjer države sa instrumentima direktne demokracije (na nivou općina, [[Švicarski kantoni\|kantona]], i [[Federacija\|federalne države]]). Građani imaju više moći nego li to imaju u predstavničkim demokracijama. Na bilo kojem političkom nivou, građani mogu predložiti izmjene ustavu kroz inicijative ili tražiti [[referendum]] na bilo koji zakon zadan bilo kojim zakonodavnim tijelom.<ref name=refdum>{{~~cite web~~ \|url=https://www.ch.ch/en/referendum \|title=Referendums \|publisher=Swiss Confederation \|website=ch.ch – A service of the Confederation, cantons and communes \|location=Berne, Switzerland \|accessdate=2017-01-09 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613231456/https://www.ch.ch/en/referendum/ \|archivedate=13. lipnja 2017. }}</ref>		Većina zapadnih zemalja ima predstavničku demokraciju.<ref name=Golay>Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix, ''Swiss political institutions'', Éditions loisirs et pédagogie, 2008. ({{ISBN\|978-2-606-01295-3}}).</ref> [[Švicarska]] je rijetki primjer države sa instrumentima direktne demokracije (na nivou općina, [[Švicarski kantoni\|kantona]], i [[Federacija\|federalne države]]). Građani imaju više moći nego li to imaju u predstavničkim demokracijama. Na bilo kojem političkom nivou, građani mogu predložiti izmjene ustavu kroz inicijative ili tražiti [[referendum]] na bilo koji zakon zadan bilo kojim zakonodavnim tijelom.<ref name=refdum>{{Citiranje weba \|url=https://www.ch.ch/en/referendum \|title=Referendums \|publisher=Swiss Confederation \|website=ch.ch – A service of the Confederation, cantons and communes \|location=Berne, Switzerland \|accessdate=2017-01-09 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613231456/https://www.ch.ch/en/referendum/ \|archivedate=13. lipnja 2017. }}</ref>

	Švicarci svakodnevno glasaju vezano uz bilo kakav problem na bilo kojoj političkoj razini, kao što je izgradnja novih ulica, parkova i škola, ili promjena u financijskom zakonodavstvu, ustavne promjene, vanjskopolitičke odnose Švicarske, ili društveno-socijalne teme, četiri puta godišnje.<ref>{{~~cite web~~ \|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/directdemocracy/checks-and-balances_the-swiss-vote-more-than-any-other-country/36286970 \|title=The Swiss vote more than any other country\|author=Julia Slater \|publisher=swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation \|date=28 June 2013 \|location=Berne, Switzerland \|accessdate=2015-07-27}}</ref> Između siječnja 1995. i lipnja 2005. švicarski su građani glasali 31 put vezano uz 103 federalna upita, a tako i mnogo upita vezanih uz zasebne kantone i općine.<ref>{{~~cite web~~ \|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/directdemocracy/explore-600-national-votes_how-direct-democracy-has-grown-over-the-decades/41481992 \|title=How direct democracy has grown over the decades \|author=Duc-Quang Nguyen \|publisher=swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation \|date=17 June 2015 \|location=Berne, Switzerland \|accessdate=2015-07-27}}</ref> U istom vremenskom periodu, u Francuskoj su građani Francuske glasali na samo dva referenduma.<ref name=Golay/>		Švicarci svakodnevno glasaju vezano uz bilo kakav problem na bilo kojoj političkoj razini, kao što je izgradnja novih ulica, parkova i škola, ili promjena u financijskom zakonodavstvu, ustavne promjene, vanjskopolitičke odnose Švicarske, ili društveno-socijalne teme, četiri puta godišnje.<ref>{{Citiranje weba \|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/directdemocracy/checks-and-balances_the-swiss-vote-more-than-any-other-country/36286970 \|title=The Swiss vote more than any other country\|author=Julia Slater \|publisher=swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation \|date=28 June 2013 \|location=Berne, Switzerland \|accessdate=2015-07-27}}</ref> Između siječnja 1995. i lipnja 2005. švicarski su građani glasali 31 put vezano uz 103 federalna upita, a tako i mnogo upita vezanih uz zasebne kantone i općine.<ref>{{Citiranje weba \|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/directdemocracy/explore-600-national-votes_how-direct-democracy-has-grown-over-the-decades/41481992 \|title=How direct democracy has grown over the decades \|author=Duc-Quang Nguyen \|publisher=swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation \|date=17 June 2015 \|location=Berne, Switzerland \|accessdate=2015-07-27}}</ref> U istom vremenskom periodu, u Francuskoj su građani Francuske glasali na samo dva referenduma.<ref name=Golay/>

	===Pariška komuna===		===Pariška komuna===
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	EDD zahtjeva elektronsko glasanje. Kao u svakoj izravnoj demokraciji, u EDD-u, građani imaju pravo glasa na zakonodavstvo, uspostavu novih zakona, i opoziv predstavnika (ukoliko ih ima).		EDD zahtjeva elektronsko glasanje. Kao u svakoj izravnoj demokraciji, u EDD-u, građani imaju pravo glasa na zakonodavstvo, uspostavu novih zakona, i opoziv predstavnika (ukoliko ih ima).

	EDD, kao sistem, nije uspostavljen u niti jednoj državi na svijetu. No, postoje mnogi pokreti za uvođenje takvog sistema u glasanje. [[Švicarska]], već djelomično upravljana direktnom demokracijom, radi na uspostavljanjem takvog sistema.<ref>{{~~cite web~~ \|url=http://www.swissworld.org/dvd_rom/eng/direct_democracy_2004/content/votes/e_voting.html \|title=Electronic Voting in Switzerland \|accessdate=2004-09-15 \|deadurl=bot: unknown \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212194901/http://www.swissworld.org/dvd_rom/eng/direct_democracy_2004/content/votes/e_voting.html \|archivedate=February 12, 2007 \|df= }}</ref>		EDD, kao sistem, nije uspostavljen u niti jednoj državi na svijetu. No, postoje mnogi pokreti za uvođenje takvog sistema u glasanje. [[Švicarska]], već djelomično upravljana direktnom demokracijom, radi na uspostavljanjem takvog sistema.<ref>{{Citiranje weba \|url=http://www.swissworld.org/dvd_rom/eng/direct_democracy_2004/content/votes/e_voting.html \|title=Electronic Voting in Switzerland \|accessdate=2004-09-15 \|deadurl=bot: unknown \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212194901/http://www.swissworld.org/dvd_rom/eng/direct_democracy_2004/content/votes/e_voting.html \|archivedate=February 12, 2007 \|df= }}</ref>

	==Anarhizam==		==Anarhizam==

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2021-11-17T03:53:21Z

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[[Image:Landsgemeinde Glarus 2006.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Landsgemeinde, zbor građana, u [[Švicarski kantoni|kantonu]] Glarusu, 7. 5. 2006., [[Švicarska]].]]
'''Izravna demokracija''' ili '''direktna demokracija''' je oblik [[demokracija|demokracije]] u kojoj ljudi o političkim pitanjima odlučuju izravno, direktno. Ona se razlikuje od većine trenutno uspostavljenih demokracija koje su '''predstavničke'''.

==Pregled==
U '''predstavničkoj''' demokraciji, ljudi glasaju za predstavnike koji potom dalje provode interese svojih glasačkih skupina u institucijama vlasti.<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Budge |author-first=Ian |chapter=Direct democracy |editor=Clarke, Paul A.B. |editor2=Foweraker, Joe |title=Encyclopedia of Political Thought |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2001. |isbn=9780415193962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srzDCqnZkfUC&pg=PA224}}</ref> U '''izravnoj''' demokraciji, ljudi svoje interese provode bez posrednika.

'''Poluizravne demokracije''' u kojoj predstavnici upravljaju općim organima vlasti, ali građani i dalje čine rukovodni entitet, dopuštaju tri forme narodne akcije: [[referendum]] (plebiscit), [[inicijativa]] i [[opoziv]]. Prve dvije forme - referendum i inicijativa - su primjeri direktnog zakonodavstva.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation (Theories of Institutional Design)|last = Smith|first = Graham|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2009.|isbn = |location = Cambridge|pages = 112}}</ref>

Referendum veže zakonodavstvo političke elite na narodni glas. Ovo je također i najčešća vrsta direktnog zakonodavstva. Narodni referendum daje građanima priliku osnivanja peticije koja može dovesti u pitanje već doneseni zakon, i to u pitanje građana. Institucije određuju vremenski period glasanja i potreban broj potpisa, a mogu tražiti i određen broj manjinskih zajednica kako bi zaštitile manjinske interese.<ref name=":0" /> Ova vrsta direktne demokracije daje glasačkoj skupini, narodu, pravo na [[veto]] vezano uz legislaciju zadanu izabranim predstavnicima. Ovo je česta praksa u [[Švicarska|Švicarskoj]].

Inicijative daju građanima mogućnost predlaganja specifičnih ustavnih reforma. Taj prijedlog može biti obvezujući ili samo savjetni.

Opoziv daje narodu moć micanja izglasanih službenika prije kraja njihova mandata.<ref name="FishkinCh2&3">{{Harvnb|Fishkin|2011|loc= Poglavlja 2. i 3. }}</ref>

Ove mjere zalažu razne varijante anarhista i socijalista koji ističu probleme u predstavničkoj demokraciji. Iznose kako direktna demokracija čini opoziciju centralističkoj vlasti. To je zato što odlučivanje može biti samo na jednoj razini. Centralni autoritet sprječava sami narod u vladanju nad samim sobom.<ref name="Ross 2011 loc= Chapter 3">{{Harvnb|Ross|2011|loc= Poglavlje 3. }}</ref>

==Primjeri==

===Atena===
{{glavni|Atena (polis)}}

Atenska se demokracija razvila u staro-grčkom [[polis]]u [[Atena (polis)|Ateni]], koji je činio grad Atena i okolno područje Atike, oko 500 godina PNE. Atena je bila jedna od prvih demokracija povijesti. Drugi grčki gradovi su uspostavljali demokracije prateći Atenski model, no niti jedan nije bio tako moćan, stabilan ili tako dobro dokumentiran kao Atena. U Atenskoj direktnoj demokraciji, građani nisu glasali za predstavnike koji bi potom izglasavali zakonodavne mjere u ime naroda (kao u većini današnjih demokracija), nego su već građani glasali individualno.

===Švicarska===
{{glavni|Švicarska}}

U [[Švicarska|Švicarskoj]], bez potrebe za registracijom, svaki građanin dobije glasački papirić i informacijski brošur vezan uz svaku točku glasanja, a mogu ih poslati natrag putem pošte. Švicarska koristi različite varijante direktne demokracije; glasa se četiri puta godišnje.

Čista izravna demokracija postoji samo u [[Švicarski kantoni|švicarskim kantonima]] [[Appenzell Innerrhoden|Appenzellu Innerrhodenu]] i [[Glarus]]u.<ref name=Golay/> Švicarska konfederacija je poluizravna demokracija (predstavnička demokracija sa izrazitim elementima izravne demokracije).<ref name=Golay/> Korištenje direktne demokracije u Švicarskoj potiće federativan sastav države.

Većina zapadnih zemalja ima predstavničku demokraciju.<ref name=Golay>Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix, ''Swiss political institutions'', Éditions loisirs et pédagogie, 2008. ({{ISBN|978-2-606-01295-3}}).</ref> [[Švicarska]] je rijetki primjer države sa instrumentima direktne demokracije (na nivou općina, [[Švicarski kantoni|kantona]], i [[Federacija|federalne države]]). Građani imaju više moći nego li to imaju u predstavničkim demokracijama. Na bilo kojem političkom nivou, građani mogu predložiti izmjene ustavu kroz inicijative ili tražiti [[referendum]] na bilo koji zakon zadan bilo kojim zakonodavnim tijelom.<ref name=refdum>{{cite web |url=https://www.ch.ch/en/referendum |title=Referendums |publisher=Swiss Confederation |website=ch.ch – A service of the Confederation, cantons and communes |location=Berne, Switzerland |accessdate=2017-01-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613231456/https://www.ch.ch/en/referendum/ |archivedate=13. lipnja 2017. }}</ref>

Švicarci svakodnevno glasaju vezano uz bilo kakav problem na bilo kojoj političkoj razini, kao što je izgradnja novih ulica, parkova i škola, ili promjena u financijskom zakonodavstvu, ustavne promjene, vanjskopolitičke odnose Švicarske, ili društveno-socijalne teme, četiri puta godišnje.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/directdemocracy/checks-and-balances_the-swiss-vote-more-than-any-other-country/36286970 |title=The Swiss vote more than any other country|author=Julia Slater |publisher=swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation |date=28 June 2013 |location=Berne, Switzerland |accessdate=2015-07-27}}</ref> Između siječnja 1995. i lipnja 2005. švicarski su građani glasali 31 put vezano uz 103 federalna upita, a tako i mnogo upita vezanih uz zasebne kantone i općine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/directdemocracy/explore-600-national-votes_how-direct-democracy-has-grown-over-the-decades/41481992 |title=How direct democracy has grown over the decades |author=Duc-Quang Nguyen |publisher=swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation |date=17 June 2015 |location=Berne, Switzerland |accessdate=2015-07-27}}</ref> U istom vremenskom periodu, u Francuskoj su građani Francuske glasali na samo dva referenduma.<ref name=Golay/>

===Pariška komuna===
{{glavni|Pariška komuna}}

1871., nakon uspostave Pariške komune, građani Pariza, komunjari, su uspostavili decentraliziran direktni sistem vlasti kako bi doveli red spontanom ustanku. Iako još uvijek nije dozvoljavao ženama pravo glasa, imale su ključnu ulogu u uspostavi nove vlasti. Sve od vojske do sastanaka je bilo demokratizirano, što je dovelo mnoge članove '''Prve internacionale''', [[Međunarodni savez radnika|Međunarodnog saveza radnika]], da ju opišu kao revolucionarno društvo bez države, te njome simpatiziraju.

Zbog kratkog životnog vjeka Komune, održani su samo jedni međugradski izbori. Utjecaj direktne demokracije u Pariškoj komuni nije za podcjenjivanje.

===Republikanska Španjolska / Druga španjolska republika===
{{glavni|Španjolski građanski rat}}

Tokom Španjolskog građanskog rata, koji je izbio 1936., mnoge zajednice u demokratskom antifašističkom djelu zemlje su se samoorganizirale u kolektivne, direktno-demokratske, sindikalne jedinice. Najbolji primjer su [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo Confederación Nacional del Trabajo] i [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica Federación Anarquista Ibérica]. Iako su kasnije poražene od strane fašističkih nacionalista Francisca Franca, imale su veliku ulogu u građanskom ratu te su pomoću interbrigada povukle pozornost cijelog svijeta.

==Elektronska izravna demokracija==
{{glavni|E-demokracija}}

'''Elektronska direktna demokracija''' (EDD), poznata kao '''izravna digitalna demokracija''' (IDD),<ref name=quezi>Quezi.com. [http://quezi.com/12164 What is Direct Digital Democracy?] (pristupljeno 26. studenoga 2011.</ref> je vrsta izravne demokracije koje koristi [[telekomunikacija|telekomunikaciju]] kao motivator javnog sudjelovanja.
EDD zahtjeva elektronsko glasanje. Kao u svakoj izravnoj demokraciji, u EDD-u, građani imaju pravo glasa na zakonodavstvo, uspostavu novih zakona, i opoziv predstavnika (ukoliko ih ima).

EDD, kao sistem, nije uspostavljen u niti jednoj državi na svijetu. No, postoje mnogi pokreti za uvođenje takvog sistema u glasanje. [[Švicarska]], već djelomično upravljana direktnom demokracijom, radi na uspostavljanjem takvog sistema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissworld.org/dvd_rom/eng/direct_democracy_2004/content/votes/e_voting.html |title=Electronic Voting in Switzerland |accessdate=2004-09-15 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212194901/http://www.swissworld.org/dvd_rom/eng/direct_democracy_2004/content/votes/e_voting.html |archivedate=February 12, 2007 |df= }}</ref>

==Anarhizam==
{{glavni|Anarhizam}}

[[File:Nuit Debout - Place Commune, 2016.05.14 (2).jpg|thumb|Vježbe direktne demokracije, Place de la République, Pariz]]
[[Anarhizam|Anarhisti]] podržavaju direktnu demokraciju kao alternativu centraliziranoj državi i kapitalizmu, iako, mnogi ističu probleme koje diže u interesima manjina, čija prava mogu biti stavljena u pitanje pod potpuno direktno-demokratskim sustavom bez ograničenja. Mnogi pobornici tog sustava se zato zalažu za dodatna ustavna prava koja se tim sistemom ne mogu narušiti.

==Suvremeni pokreti==
{{glavni|Popis izravno-demokratskih stranaka}}

Neki pokreti vrijedni spomena koji se bore za uspostavu izravne demokracije uključuju:
{{refbegin|2}}
* [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] – Južno-afrički kolibaški pokret
* [[Aktivdemokrati]] – politička stranka za e-demokraciju [[Švedska]]
* [[Autonomna akcija]] – Ruski komunistički i anarhistički pokret
* [[¡Democracia Real YA!]] – "Istinska demokracija SADA!", pokret u [[Španjolska|Španjolskoj]].
* [[Demoex]] – direktno-demokratska stranka u Švedskoj.
* [[Direct Democracy Ireland]]
* [[Direct Democracy Party of New Zealand]]
* [[Direktdemokraterna]]; savez triju švedskih direktno-demokratskih stranaka.
* [[Electronic Democracy Party]]  – Turska stranka koja promovira e-demokraciju.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party) Podemos] – najutjecajnija Španjolska direktno-demokratska stranka.
* [[Land Party]] – ruralna direktno-demokratska stranka u Galiciji, Španjolskoj.
* [[Occupy pokret]] kao [[Occupy Wall Street]], [[Occupy Croatia]]
* [[Party of Internet Democracy]] – direktno-demokratska stranka u [[Mađarska|Mađarskoj]].
* [[Piratska stranka]]
* [[Thrive New Zealand]] – Novo-Zelandska direktno-demokratska stranka.
* [http://www.democratiedirecta.com Direct Democracy Romania] – prva Rumunjska direktno-demokratska stranka.
{{refend}}

==Povezano==
* [[Socijalizam]]
* [[Anarhizam]]
* [[Populizam]]
* [[E-demokracija]]
* [[Demokratski socijalizam]]
* [[Treća internacionala]]
* [[Radnička vjeća]]

==Izvori i poveznice==
{{izvori}}

==Bibliografija==
* {{cite book |author1-last=Cary |author1-first=M. |author2-last=Scullard |author2-first=H. H. |author2-link=Howard Hayes Scullard |year=1967 |title=A History Of Rome: Down To The Reign Of Constantine |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |edition=2nd |ref =CITEREFCaryScullard1967}}
* {{cite book |author1-last=Cronin |author1-first=Thomas E.|year=1989 |title=Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum and Recall |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |ref =CITEREFCroninThomas1989}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Elster |author-first=Jon |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139175005&cid=CBO9781139175005A007&tabName=Chapter |subscription=yes |author-link=Jon Elster |year=1998 |title=Deliberative Democracy |editor-last=Elster |editor-first=Jon |series=Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521592963 |ref = CITEREFElster1998}}
* {{cite book | last=Fishkin |first=James S. |author-link=James S. Fishkin |year=2011 |title= When the People Speak |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199604432 |ref=CITEREFFishkin2011}}
* {{cite book |author1-last=Golay |author1-first=Vincent |year=2008 |title=Swiss Political Institutions |others=Illustrated by Mix & Remix |location=Le Mont-sur-Lausanne |publisher=Éditions loisirs et pédagogie |isbn=9782606012953}}
* {{cite book |author1-last=Gutmann |author1-first=Amy |author-link1=Amy Gutmann |author2-last=Thompson |author2-first=Dennis F. |author2-link=Dennis Frank Thompson |year=2004 |title=Why Deliberative Democracy? |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691120188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmlrGo1fZdMC |accessdate=8 April 2014}}
* {{Citation |last=Hirschbühl |first=Tina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUXkX4U1Ir8 |title=The Swiss Government Report 1 |publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland |date=2011a |via=YouTube}}
* {{Citation |last=Hirschbühl |first=Tina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QJORezLAaw |title=The Swiss Government Report 2 |publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland |date=2011b |via=YouTube}}
* {{Citation |last=Hirschbühl |first=Tina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9Ei50c2c1I |title=How Direct Democracy Works In Switzerland – Report 3 |publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland |date=2011c |via=YouTube}}
* {{Citation |last=Hirschbühl |first=Tina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp48yJT4Cy4 |title=How People in Switzerland Vote – Report 4 |publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland |date=2011d |via=YouTube}}
* {{Citation |last=Hirschbühl |first=Tina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp66RSP8gAQ |title=Switzerland & the EU: The Bilateral Agreements – Report 5 |publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland |date=2011e |via=YouTube}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kobach |first=Kris W. |year=1993 |title=The Referendum: Direct Democracy In Switzerland |publisher=Dartmouth Publishing Company |isbn=9781855213975 |ref=CITEREFKobach1993}}
* {{cite book |author1-last=Raaflaub |author1-first=Kurt A. |author-link1=Kurt Raaflaub |author2-last=Ober |author2-first=Josiah |author3-last=Wallace |author3-first=Robert W. |year=2007 |title=Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520932173 |ref=CITEREFRaaflaubOberWallace2007}}
* Razsa, Maple. (2015) ''Bastards of Utopia: Living Radical Politics After Socialism''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
* {{cite book |last=Ross |first=Carne |author-link=Carne Ross |year=2011 |title=The Leaderless Revolution: How Ordinary People Can Take Power and Change Politics in the 21st Century |location=London |publisher= Simon & Schuster |isbn=9781847375346 |ref=CITEREFRoss2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Susan C. |chapter=Pathologies of Deliberation |chapter-url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139175005&cid=CBO9781139175005A012&tabName=Chapter |title=Deliberative Democracy |year=1998 |editor-last=Elster |editor-first=Jon |series=Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |subscription=yes |isbn=9780521592963 |ref=CITEREFStokes1998}}
* {{cite book |last=Watts |first=Duncan |year=2010 |title=Dictionary of American Government and Politics |publisher=Edinburgh University |page=75 |isbn=9780748635016 |ref=CITEREFWatts2010}}
* {{cite book |last=Zagarri |first=Rosemarie |year=2010 |title=The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776–1850 |publisher=Cornell University |isbn=9780801476396 |ref=CITEREFZagarri2010}}

==Danje čitanje==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Arnon, Harel (January 2008). "A Theory of Direct Legislation" (LFB Scholarly)
* Cronin, Thomas E. (1989). ''Direct Democracy: The Politics Of Initiative, Referendum, And Recall.'' Harvard University Press.
* Finley, M.I. (1973). ''Democracy Ancient And Modern''. Rutgers University Press.
* [[Takis Fotopoulos|Fotopoulos, Takis]], ''Towards an Inclusive Democracy: The Crisis of the Growth Economy and the Need for a New Liberatory Project'' (London & NY: Cassell, 1997).
* [[Takis Fotopoulos|Fotopoulos, Takis]], ''The Multidimensional Crisis and [[Inclusive Democracy]]''. (Athens: Gordios, 2005). ([http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/fotopoulos/english/brbooks/multi_crisis_id/multi_crisis_id.htm English translation] of the book with the same title published in Greek).
* [[Takis Fotopoulos|Fotopoulos, Takis]], [http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol2/vol2_no2_Takis_liberal_socialist.htm "Liberal and Socialist 'Democracies' versus Inclusive Democracy"], ''The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY'', vol.2, no.2, (January 2006).
* Gerber, Elisabeth R. (1999). ''The Populist Paradox: Interest Group Influence And The Promise Of Direct Legislation''. Princeton University Press.
* [[Mogens Herman Hansen|Hansen, Mogens Herman]] (1999). ''The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes: Structure, Principles and Ideology''. University of Oklahoma, Norman (orig. 1991).
* [[Hans Köchler|Köchler]], Hans (1995). [http://hanskoechler.com/DEM-CON.HTM ''A Theoretical Examination of the Dichotomy between Democratic Constitutions and Political Reality'']. University Center Luxemburg.
* Magleby, David B. (1984). ''Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in The United States''. Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Matsusaka John G. (2004.) For the Many or the Few: The Initiative, Public Policy, and American Democracy, Chicago Press
* National Conference of State Legislatures, (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20041009181106/http://www.ncsl.org/programs/legman/elect/recallprovision.htm Recall of State Officials]
* [[Akiva Orr|Orr Akiva]] e-books, Free download : Politics without politicians – Big Business, Big Government or Direct Democracy.
* Pimbert, Michel (2010). Reclaiming citizenship: empowering civil society in policy-making. In: Towards Food Sovereignty. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G02612.pdf? e-book. Free download.
* [[Polybius]] (c.150 BC). ''The Histories''. Oxford University, The Great Histories Series, Ed., Hugh R. Trevor-Roper and E. Badian. Translated by Mortimer Chanbers. Washington Square Press, Inc (1966).
* Reich, Johannes (2008). [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1154019 ''An Interactional Model of Direct Democracy – Lessons from the Swiss Experience'']. SSRN Working Paper.
* Serdült, Uwe (2014) Referendums in Switzerland, in: Qvortrup, Matt (Ed.) Referendums Around the World: The Continued Growth of Direct Democracy. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 65–121.
* Verhulst Jos en Nijeboer Arjen [http://www.democracy-international.org/book-direct-democracy.html Direct Democracy] e-book in 8 languages. Free download.
* Zimmerman, Joseph F. (March 1999). [https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-new-england-town-meeting-democracy-in-action-by-joseph-f-zimmerman.jsp ''The New England Town Meeting: Democracy In Action'']. Praeger Publishers.
* Zimmerman, Joseph F. (December 1999). ''The Initiative: Citizen Law-Making''. Praeger Publishers.
{{refend}}

==Vanjske poveznice==

{{refbegin|30em}}
* [http://www.paparty.co.uk/about_direct_democracy.htm Alex Romane (People's Administration Direct Democracy Party)]
* [http://democracy.mkolar.org/DDlinks.html Direct democracy links]
* {{dmoz|Society/Politics/Democracy/Direct_Democracy/}}
* [http://www.abolish-power.org/pwp_english.html#mozTocId530359 Direct Democracy Pamphlet by Akiva ORR]
* [http://participedia.net/organizations/e2d-international] Electronic Direct Democracy organisations on Participedia
* [http://www.iniref.org I&R ~ GB Campaign for Direct Democracy in Britain INIREF]
* [http://piudemocraziaintrentino.org/2012/08/23/kei-points-of-the-bill/ Key points of the bill | Più Democrazia in Trentino, Italy]
* [http://wsm.ie/c/occupy-movement-zapatistas-general-assemblies Occupy Movement, the Zapatista's and the General Assemblies]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120910041513/http://participatorydemocracy.ca/ ParticipatoryDemocracy.ca] Social sustainability develops as we apply the universal, intrinsic, social commonalities of all people to the design and operation of our social institutions and organizations. Those commonalities exist now and will exist 1000 years from now.
* [http://www.paparty.co.uk People's Administration Direct Democracy Party]
* [http://new-compass.net/articles/popular-assemblies-revolts-and-revolutions Popular Assemblies in Revolts and Revolutions]
* [http://www.realdirectdemocracynow.blogspot.com Real Direct Democracy Now] Blog on Real Direct Democracy Now
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111227012837/http://bulgaria.indymedia.org/article/38102 The direct democracy as an alternative proposition]
* [http://directdemocracyireland.ie/un-advisor-stresses-the-need-to-develop-direct-democracy-globally-to-protect-human-rights/ UN Advisor stresses the need to develop direct democracy globally to protect human rights], [[Direct Democracy Ireland]].
* [http://www.seasonalmagazine.com/2010/12/indias-greatest-challenge-is-its.html The Need for Direct Democracy in India]
{{refend}}

[[Kategorija:Oblici vladavine]]
[[Kategorija:Politika]]

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 17. studeni 2021. u 03:53
Redak 3:		Redak 3:

	==Pregled==		==Pregled==
	U '''predstavničkoj''' demokraciji, ljudi glasaju za predstavnike koji potom dalje provode interese svojih glasačkih skupina u institucijama vlasti.<ref>{{~~cite book~~\|author-last=Budge \|author-first=Ian \|chapter=Direct democracy \|editor=Clarke, Paul A.B. \|editor2=Foweraker, Joe \|title=Encyclopedia of Political Thought \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|year=2001. \|isbn=9780415193962 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srzDCqnZkfUC&pg=PA224}}</ref> U '''izravnoj''' demokraciji, ljudi svoje interese provode bez posrednika.		U '''predstavničkoj''' demokraciji, ljudi glasaju za predstavnike koji potom dalje provode interese svojih glasačkih skupina u institucijama vlasti.<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|author-last=Budge \|author-first=Ian \|chapter=Direct democracy \|editor=Clarke, Paul A.B. \|editor2=Foweraker, Joe \|title=Encyclopedia of Political Thought \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|year=2001. \|isbn=9780415193962 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srzDCqnZkfUC&pg=PA224}}</ref> U '''izravnoj''' demokraciji, ljudi svoje interese provode bez posrednika.

	'''Poluizravne demokracije''' u kojoj predstavnici upravljaju općim organima vlasti, ali građani i dalje čine rukovodni entitet, dopuštaju tri forme narodne akcije: [[referendum]] (plebiscit), [[inicijativa]] i [[opoziv]]. Prve dvije forme - referendum i inicijativa - su primjeri direktnog zakonodavstva.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title = Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation (Theories of Institutional Design)\|last = Smith\|first = Graham\|publisher = Cambridge University Press\|year = 2009.\|isbn = \|location = Cambridge\|pages = 112}}</ref>		'''Poluizravne demokracije''' u kojoj predstavnici upravljaju općim organima vlasti, ali građani i dalje čine rukovodni entitet, dopuštaju tri forme narodne akcije: [[referendum]] (plebiscit), [[inicijativa]] i [[opoziv]]. Prve dvije forme - referendum i inicijativa - su primjeri direktnog zakonodavstva.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title = Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation (Theories of Institutional Design)\|last = Smith\|first = Graham\|publisher = Cambridge University Press\|year = 2009.\|isbn = \|location = Cambridge\|pages = 112}}</ref>
Redak 95:		Redak 95:

	==Bibliografija==		==Bibliografija==
	* {{~~cite book~~ \|author1-last=Cary \|author1-first=M. \|author2-last=Scullard \|author2-first=H. H. \|author2-link=Howard Hayes Scullard \|year=1967 \|title=A History Of Rome: Down To The Reign Of Constantine \|location=New York \|publisher=St. Martin's Press \|edition=2nd \|ref =CITEREFCaryScullard1967}}		* {{Citiranje knjige \|author1-last=Cary \|author1-first=M. \|author2-last=Scullard \|author2-first=H. H. \|author2-link=Howard Hayes Scullard \|year=1967 \|title=A History Of Rome: Down To The Reign Of Constantine \|location=New York \|publisher=St. Martin's Press \|edition=2nd \|ref =CITEREFCaryScullard1967}}
	* {{~~cite book~~ \|author1-last=Cronin \|author1-first=Thomas E.\|year=1989 \|title=Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum and Recall \|location=Cambridge, MA \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|ref =CITEREFCroninThomas1989}}		* {{Citiranje knjige \|author1-last=Cronin \|author1-first=Thomas E.\|year=1989 \|title=Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum and Recall \|location=Cambridge, MA \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|ref =CITEREFCroninThomas1989}}
	* {{~~cite book~~ \|author-last=Elster \|author-first=Jon \|chapter=Introduction \|chapter-url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139175005&cid=CBO9781139175005A007&tabName=Chapter \|subscription=yes \|author-link=Jon Elster \|year=1998 \|title=Deliberative Democracy \|editor-last=Elster \|editor-first=Jon \|series=Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|isbn=9780521592963 \|ref = CITEREFElster1998}}		* {{Citiranje knjige \|author-last=Elster \|author-first=Jon \|chapter=Introduction \|chapter-url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139175005&cid=CBO9781139175005A007&tabName=Chapter \|subscription=yes \|author-link=Jon Elster \|year=1998 \|title=Deliberative Democracy \|editor-last=Elster \|editor-first=Jon \|series=Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|isbn=9780521592963 \|ref = CITEREFElster1998}}
	* {{~~cite book~~ \| last=Fishkin \|first=James S. \|author-link=James S. Fishkin \|year=2011 \|title= When the People Speak \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn=9780199604432 \|ref=CITEREFFishkin2011}}		* {{Citiranje knjige \| last=Fishkin \|first=James S. \|author-link=James S. Fishkin \|year=2011 \|title= When the People Speak \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn=9780199604432 \|ref=CITEREFFishkin2011}}
	* {{~~cite book~~ \|author1-last=Golay \|author1-first=Vincent \|year=2008 \|title=Swiss Political Institutions \|others=Illustrated by Mix & Remix \|location=Le Mont-sur-Lausanne \|publisher=Éditions loisirs et pédagogie \|isbn=9782606012953}}		* {{Citiranje knjige \|author1-last=Golay \|author1-first=Vincent \|year=2008 \|title=Swiss Political Institutions \|others=Illustrated by Mix & Remix \|location=Le Mont-sur-Lausanne \|publisher=Éditions loisirs et pédagogie \|isbn=9782606012953}}
	* {{~~cite book~~ \|author1-last=Gutmann \|author1-first=Amy \|author-link1=Amy Gutmann \|author2-last=Thompson \|author2-first=Dennis F. \|author2-link=Dennis Frank Thompson \|year=2004 \|title=Why Deliberative Democracy? \|location=Princeton \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691120188 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmlrGo1fZdMC \|accessdate=8 April 2014}}		* {{Citiranje knjige \|author1-last=Gutmann \|author1-first=Amy \|author-link1=Amy Gutmann \|author2-last=Thompson \|author2-first=Dennis F. \|author2-link=Dennis Frank Thompson \|year=2004 \|title=Why Deliberative Democracy? \|location=Princeton \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9780691120188 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmlrGo1fZdMC \|accessdate=8 April 2014}}
	* {{Citation \|last=Hirschbühl \|first=Tina \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUXkX4U1Ir8 \|title=The Swiss Government Report 1 \|publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland \|date=2011a \|via=YouTube}}		* {{Citation \|last=Hirschbühl \|first=Tina \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUXkX4U1Ir8 \|title=The Swiss Government Report 1 \|publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland \|date=2011a \|via=YouTube}}
	* {{Citation \|last=Hirschbühl \|first=Tina \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QJORezLAaw \|title=The Swiss Government Report 2 \|publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland \|date=2011b \|via=YouTube}}		* {{Citation \|last=Hirschbühl \|first=Tina \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QJORezLAaw \|title=The Swiss Government Report 2 \|publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland \|date=2011b \|via=YouTube}}
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	* {{Citation \|last=Hirschbühl \|first=Tina \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp66RSP8gAQ \|title=Switzerland & the EU: The Bilateral Agreements – Report 5 \|publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland \|date=2011e \|via=YouTube}}		* {{Citation \|last=Hirschbühl \|first=Tina \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp66RSP8gAQ \|title=Switzerland & the EU: The Bilateral Agreements – Report 5 \|publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland \|date=2011e \|via=YouTube}}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Kobach \|first=Kris W. \|year=1993 \|title=The Referendum: Direct Democracy In Switzerland \|publisher=Dartmouth Publishing Company \|isbn=9781855213975 \|ref=CITEREFKobach1993}}		* {{Cite book \|last=Kobach \|first=Kris W. \|year=1993 \|title=The Referendum: Direct Democracy In Switzerland \|publisher=Dartmouth Publishing Company \|isbn=9781855213975 \|ref=CITEREFKobach1993}}
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	==Danje čitanje==		==Danje čitanje==